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At a few stations, usually in mountainous terrain, the pilot may occasionally observe a brief course needle oscillation, similar to the indication of “approaching station.” Pilots flying over unfamiliar routes are cautioned to be on the alert of these vagaries, and, in particular, to use the “to-from” indicator to determine positive station passage.Ĭertain propeller RPM settings or helicopter rotor speeds can cause the VOR Course Deviation Indicator (CDI) to fluctuate as much as plus or minus six degrees. On some VORs, minor course roughness may be observed, evidenced by course needle or brief flag alarm activity (some receivers are more subject to these irregularities than others). The accuracy of course alignment of the VOR is excellent, being generally plus or minus 1 degree. The effectiveness of the VOR depends upon proper use and adjustment of both ground and airborne equipment. VORs without voice capability are indicated by the letter “W” (without voice) included in the class designator (VORW).
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Most VORs are equipped for voice transmission on the VOR frequency. Normal service ranges for the various classes of VORs are given in GEN 3.4, TBL GEN 3.4-1, VOR/DME/TACAN Standard Service Volumes. They are subject to line-of-sight restrictions, and range varies proportionally to the altitude of the receiving equipment.
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VORs operate within the 108.0 - 117.95 MHz frequency band and have a power output necessary to provide coverage within their assigned operational service volume. Since ADF receivers do not have a “FLAG” to warn the pilot when erroneous bearing information is being displayed, the pilot should continuously monitor the NDB's identification. Noisy identification usually occurs when the ADF needle is erratic voice, music, or erroneous identification will usually be heard when a steady false bearing is being displayed. Nearly all disturbances which affect the aircraft's Automatic Direction Finder (ADF) bearing also affect the facility's identification. At night radio beacons are vulnerable to interference from distant stations. Such disturbances result from such factors as lightning, precipitation, static, etc. Radio beacons are subject to disturbances that may result in erroneous bearing information. Voice transmissions are made on radio beacons unless the letter “W” (without voice) is included in the class designator (HW). When a radio beacon is used in conjunction with the Instrument Landing System markers, it is called a Compass Locator.
94FBR ENROUTE 4 CODE
All radio beacons except the compass locators transmit a continuous three-letter identification in code except during voice transmissions. These facilities normally operate in a frequency band of 190 to 535 kilohertz (kHz), according to ICAO Annex 10 the frequency range for NDBs is between 1 kHz, and transmit a continuous carrier with either 400 or 1020 hertz (Hz) modulation. NAVIGATION AIDS/SYSTEMS ENR 4.1 Navigation Aids - En RouteĪ low or medium frequency radio beacon transmits nondirectional signals whereby the pilot of an aircraft properly equipped can determine bearings and “home” on the station. FAA Form 7233-4 - International Flight PlanĮNR 4.